The third was the desire of Indian believers for indigenous forms of worship and leadership.(7) The first was disappointment in the failure of traditional mission methods to increase the number of conversions in India (there were only one million Protestant communicants and adherents out of a population of 284 million by 1900).(6) The second was encouraging news of revivals with large-scale conversions, particularly in Wales (1904), which seemed to indicate that the 'last days' revitalization of the church had begun (Acts 2: 17).

At least three factors had contributed to it. Whether or not the Garrs knew about these revivals, they likely knew of the spiritual awakening in India that had been in progress since 1905. Missionary accounts of revivals in Tirunelveli (1860-1865) and Travancore (1873-1881) tell of glossolalia and kindred phenomena among Indian Christians.(5) The most recent outburst of tongues antedated their arrival by six months and marked the beginning of another such movement, one not shaped by American Pentecostalism. G.') and Lillian Garr, newly Spirit-baptized missionaries from Azusa Street, stepped off the ship in Calcutta at the turn of 1907, they scarcely realized that Pentecostal or Pentecostal-like movements had already preceded them in India by nearly fifty years.

Parham's Bethel Bible School in Topeka, Kansas (1901), and the Apostolic Faith Mission on Azusa Street in Los Angeles, California (1906-1909).(4) Many early Pentecostals looked to Azusa as the fountainhead of the movement. Yet when queried today about the origins of modern Pentecostalism, historians point to revivals at Charles F. `brought up' in India' and then became 'full grown' in Los Angeles, California.(1) To the Pentecostal 'saints,' as they commonly called themselves in America, the appearance of 'Pentecostal' phenomena (for example, visions, dreams, prophecy, glossolalia, and other charismatic gifts) in India confirmed that what the Old Testament prophet Joel had foretold about the 'latter rain' outpouring of the Holy Spirit in the end times (Joel 2: 28-29) was being fulfilled simultaneously in other parts of the world.(2) As one songwriter put it, 'The latter rain has come, / Upon the parched ground. Looking back at the events that led up to the Azusa Street revival in Los Angeles, California, the foremost revival of the century in terms of global impact, eyewitness Frank Bartleman announced that the 'revival was rocked in the cradle of little Wales.

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